Sunday, 4 September 2011
Organization of the Body
Organization of the Body
1. Definition of Terms
a. Cell - The cell is the functional basic unit of life. It was discovered by Robert Hooke and is the functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life.
Ex. Red blood cell
b. Tissue - is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. A tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function.
Ex. Epithelial tissue – protective barrier against bacterial invasion
c. Organ - combination of tissues carrying out distinct function
Ex. Heart
d. System – group of organs accomplishing one general body fucntion
e. Body – compose of all system of one body ,its made up various function
2. Cavities
A). Ventral Cavity
I. Thoracic cavity
a. Mediasternum
heart, trachea, R and L Bronchi, esophagus , thymus , blood vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves
b. Pleural cavity
lungs
II. abdominopelvic
a. Abdominal cavity – liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, Kidneys, Ureters
b. Pelvic cavity – Bladder, certain reproductive organ, parts of the large intestine
B). Dorsal Cavity
a. cranial – shelters and protects the brain and brainstem structures
b. spinal - composed of spinal cord and its roots
C). Regions of the Body
Ventral Region | Dorsal Region |
Cervical Deltoid Pectotalis Sternal Brachial Axillary Femoral Flank Groin Antecubital Costal | Cervical Scapular Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Popliteal Patellar Brachium Ante brachium Cubital Ham Calf Plantar |
D). Terms in describing Body Structures
1. Directional
Superior/Cranial Inferior/Caudal Posterior/Dorsal Anterior/Ventral Medial Lateral Proximal Distal | Above Below Back Front Towards midline Towards the side Near the point of origin or attachment Away from the point of attachment |
2. Planes
a. Sagittal – divides the body into equal right and left halves
b. Coronal/Frontal – divides the body into dorsal and ventral/anterior parts
c. Transverse/Horizontal - divides the body into superior and inferior
3. Abdominal Regions
Body Organization Medical Terminologies
Body Organization Medical Terminologies
| Root Word | Combining Form | Meaning |
| Cardi Vascual Immune Respire Ren Nephr Arthr | o-cardi/o o-vasculo o-immun/o o-respir/o o-ren-o o-nephr/o o-arthr/o | Heart Blood vessels Immunity Breathing Kidney Kidney Joint |
| Combining Form | Meaning | Example |
| Adip/o Chondr/o Cyt/o Hist/o Nucle/o Sarc/o Abdomin/o Acr/o Crani/o Dactyl/o Gastr/o Inguin/o Lumb/o Pelv/o Som/o Somat/o Thorac/o Umbilic/o Viscer/o Caud/o Cephal/o Dist/o Dors/o Infer/o Later/o Medi/o Poster/o Proxim/o Superi/o Ventr/o Anter/o | Fat Cartilage Cell Tissue Nucleus Flesh Abdomen Extremity Skull Finger/toe Stomach Groin Loin, waist Pelvis Body Body Chest Navel/umbilicus Internal Organs Tail Head Distant/away Back Lower/below Side Middle Back Near Upper/above Belly side Front | Adipose Costochondrits Cytology Histology Nucleoplasm Sarcoma Abdomino pelvic Acromegaly Cranial Dactyl edema Gastritis Inguinal Lumbar Pelvicmetry Somathenia Psychosomatic Thoracic Umbilical Visceral Caudal Cephalic Distal Dorsal Inferior Lateral Medial Posterior Proximal Superior Ventricular anterior |
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
| Ab Ad Ante Contra Dia Dis Ec Em En Endo Epi Ex Exo Hypo Inter Intra Ipsi Para Per Peri Post Pre Primi Pro Retro Sub trans | Away from Toward/ near Before/ forward Against/ opposite side Through Apart/away from Out/ away from In; inside In; surrounded by Inside; within Over/above Out / away from Outside Under Between among Within inside Same, same side Beside, beyond Through Around surrounding After Before First Before Backward behind Under beneth Through/across | Abductor Adrenal Anteversion Contra lateral Diarrhea Dislocate Ectopic Empyema Endemic Endometrium Epidermis Exhale Exocrine Hypothalamus Interstitial Intravenous Ipsilateral Parathyroid Percutaneous Pericardium Postpartum Prenatal Primigravida Prolapse Retroversion Subcutaneous Transurethral |
NORMAL FUCTION
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
| Eu Hetero Homeo Iso Normo | Good/ normal Different Unchanging /same Equal normal | Euthyroid Heteromorphic Homotopic Isotonic normotension |
Number Quantity
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
| Bi Di Hemi Mono Multi Nulli Poly Quadric Semi Tri Uni | Two Two One half One Many None Many Four Half/partly Three one | Biceps Diarthro Hemiplegia Mononuclear Multigravida Nullipara Polymorphoncear Quadriceps Semi lunar valves Tricuspid unilateral |
Pathologic Conditions
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
| A An Ana Aniso Atel Brady De Dys Hyper Hypo In Macro Micro Mio Neo Presby Pseudo Psor Tachy un | Without/ not Without/ not Without/ not Unequal Incomplete Slow Down, loss of Abnormal, painful Excessive Under, reduced Not with out Large Small Less, smaller New Old age False Itching Fast not | Ataxia Anesthesia Anacusis Anisocuria Atelectasis Bradycardia Dementia Dsysphagia Hyperglycemia Hypoparathyrodism Insomnia Macrolymphocyte Microbiology Miosis Neoplastic Presbycusis Pseudostratified Psoriasis Tachycardia unmyelinated |
Diagnostic Procedure
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
| Echo Electro Radio Sono ultrasono | Returned sound Electricity Radioactivity Soundwave Very high frequency | Echocardiography Electromyography Radiography Sonogram ultrasonography |
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
| -alysis -assay -gram -graph -metry -scopy | Separation in to components Test measure Record Recording instrument Measurement Visual examination | Urinalysis Radioimmunoassay Electrocardiogram Electrocardiograph Audiometry endoscopy |
To form a nouns
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
| -action -blast -cyte -globin -ist -logy | Process Immature Cell Protein Specialist study | Vaccinations Osteoblast Osteocyte Hemoglobin Cardiologist cardiology |
Forms adjectives
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
| -ac -al -ar -ary -ated -genic -ic -ical -ile -ior -ory | Pertaining to Pertaining to Pertaining to Pertaining to Subjected to Producing Pertaining to Pertaining to Pertaining to Pertaining to Pertaining to | Cardiac Nasal Muscular Pulmonary Myelinated Cardiogenic Gastric Neurological Penile Anterior venous |
Pathologic Conditions
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
| -a -algia -dynia -edema -esis -ia -iasis -itis -lytic -malacia -megaly -oma -pathy -penia -plasia -rrhagia -sclerosis -spasm -stenosis -toxic -trophy | Condition Pain Pain Swelling Condition Condition Condition Inflammation Destroying Softening Enlargement Tumor Disease Deficiency Formation Profuse Hardening Sudden contraction Narrowing poisonous growth | Tachycardia Neuralgia Otodynia Lyphyedema Diuresis Pneumonia Nephrolithiasis Laryngitis Thrombolytic Osteomalacia Splenomegaly Lymphoma Myopathy Leucopenia Dysplasia Menorrhagia Arteriosclerosis Vasospasm Ureterostenosis Hepatotoxic dsytrohpy |
Therapeutic and Surgical Procedures
| Prefix | Meaning | Example |
| Ectomy Lysis Plasty Stomy Tomy tripsy | Surgical removal Dissolution Surgical repair Surgical opening Surgical incision Crushing | Appendectomy Thrombolysis Cleoplasty Ileostomy Tracheostomy lithotripsy |
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